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- <text id=93CT1765>
- <title>
- Luxembourg--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Europe
- Luxembourg
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> The language of Luxembourg is Luxembourgish, a blend of old
- German and Frankish elements. The official language of the
- civil service, law, and Parliament is French, although criminal
- and legal debates are conducted partly in Luxembourgish. German
- is the primary language of the press. French and German are
- taught in the schools, with German spoken mainly at the primary
- level and French at the secondary level.
- </p>
- <p> In 1815, after 400 years of domination by various European
- nations, Luxembourg was made a grand duchy by the Congress of
- Vienna. It was granted political autonomy in 1838 under King
- William I of the Netherlands, who was also the Grand Duke of
- Luxembourg. The country considers 1839 to be its year of
- independence. In 1867, Luxembourg was recognized as independent
- and guaranteed perpetual neutrality. After being occupied by
- Germany in both World Wars, however, Luxembourg abandoned
- neutrality and became a charter member of the North Atlantic
- Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949.
- </p>
- <p> The present sovereign, Grand Duke Jean, succeeded his mother,
- Grand Duchess Charlotte, on November 12, 1964.
- </p>
- <p>Current Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> Since the end of World War I, the Christian Social Party
- (CSV) has usually been the dominant partner in governing
- coalitions. The Roman Catholic-oriented CSV resembles Christian
- Democratic parties in other West European countries and enjoys
- broad popular support. It strongly supports NATO.
- </p>
- <p> The Democratic (Liberal) Party (DP) is a center party,
- drawing support from the professions, merchants, and urban
- middle class. Like other West European liberal parties, it
- advocates both social legislation and minimum government
- involvement in the economy. It is also strongly pro-NATO. In
- the opposition since 1984, the DP had been a partner in the
- three previous consecutive coalition governments.
- </p>
- <p> The Socialist Party (POSL) is philosophically similar to the
- German Social Democratic Party. Its political strength is
- strongest among industrial workers who favor strong social
- legislation. The POSL is moderately pro-NATO.
- </p>
- <p> The Communist Party (PCL), which received 10%-18% of the
- votes in national elections from World War II to the 1960s, won
- only two seats in the 1984 elections and one in 1989. Its main
- strength lies in the steelbelt of the industrialized south.
- </p>
- <p> The Green Alternative Party (or "Greens"), officially formed
- in 1983, opposes both nuclear weapons and nuclear power and
- supports environmental and ecological preservation measures.
- This party generally opposes Luxembourg's military policies,
- including its membership in NATO.
- </p>
- <p> In parliamentary elections June 1989, the three major parties
- each lost three seats: the CSV won 22 seats, the POSL 18 seats,
- and the PD 14 seats. The PCL lost one seat. The "Greens"
- increased from two to four deputies, and the 5/6 Pension Party
- (a single-issue party) won four seats. (Because of parliamentary
- reorganization, four seats were subtracted from the Chamber of
- Deputies for the 1989 elections.) The CSV leader, Jacques
- Santer, formed a government with the POSL, whose leader, Jacques
- Poos, is Vice Prime Minister and Foreign Minister. The DP again
- formed the opposition, along with the PCL, "Greens," and 5/6
- party.
- </p>
- <p> National elections are held at least every 5 years, with the
- next election scheduled for 1994. Local elections, held every 6
- years, are next scheduled for 1995.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, July
- 1990.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-